W9.2-GUO YING

 1. Summary

Misconduct refers to behaviors that violate cultural norms, while norms guide the social expectations of human behavior. Misconduct is typically categorized into two types: formal misconduct, which involves violating formal laws such as robbery, theft, and rape; and informal misconduct, which involves behaviors not codified into law but still prohibited by societal norms, such as nose-picking or loud belching. Differences in norms between cultures can lead to varying definitions of misconduct. Sociology is interested in misconduct, including measuring crime data and studying theories on how people define and interpret misconduct. Biologists suggest that humans may adhere to norms to promote group cohesion, an evolutionary outcome. Studies show that individuals who do not adhere to norms often face punishment from the group, leading humans to more readily accept norms and avoid deviance. Misconduct plays an important role in society by helping to differentiate acceptable from unacceptable behavior and fostering social cohesion. However, it can also lead to individual exclusion. Finally, misconduct is seen as a mechanism for societal change, as it disrupts social equilibrium and forces societal adaptation.

2. Interesting point.

One interesting point is that misconduct is considered a means of societal change. Although misconduct may disrupt social equilibrium, it can also prompt society to adapt to new circumstances. This highlights the complex role of misconduct in social development, which can be both negative and positive.

3. Question

What kinds of misconduct lead to social exclusion and instability? Are there any forms of misconduct that might actually prompt positive societal change?

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