How do different societies define and value certain types of goods and resources within their stratification systems? W13.1

 Complexity of Social Stratification: All complex societies exhibit social stratification, where resources like income and power are distributed unequally. The systems that maintain these inequalities involve social-institutional processes, rules of allocation, and social mobility processes.

  1. Types of Social Mobility: Social mobility can be intragenerational (within a person's lifetime) or intergenerational (across generations). Open stratification systems allow for upward mobility, often based on achieved status, while closed systems, like caste systems, restrict mobility based on ascribed status.
  2. Marxist Perspective: Karl Marx's theory on social stratification focuses on the conflict between classes, primarily the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers). Marx believed that class struggle would eventually lead to a classless, communist society.


Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals in a society based on factors like wealth, power, and social status. It is a characteristic of all complex societies, resulting in unequal access to resources and opportunities. Stratification systems include mechanisms that define valuable goods, rules for allocating resources, and processes that determine social mobility. Different types of stratification systems range from open systems, which promote mobility, to closed systems, which restrict it. Marxist theory provides a critical view, highlighting class conflict and the role of economic structures in perpetuating inequality.


  1. How do different societies define and value certain types of goods and resources within their stratification systems?
  2. What are the key differences between open and closed stratification systems, and how do they impact social mobility?
  3. How has Marxist theory influenced contemporary understandings of social stratification and class conflict?

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