How do sociologists differentiate between material and non-material culture in their studies, and what methodologies are used to study each?

 Definition and Elements of Culture: The article defines culture as the complex whole that includes knowledge, beliefs, art, laws, morals, customs, and any other capabilities acquired by humans as members of society. It highlights how culture is both material (physical objects) and non-material (ideas, values).Cultural Universals and Variability: There is a discussion about cultural universals, which are elements, patterns, traits, or institutions that are common to all human cultures worldwide. Examples include family systems, language, and religious practices, emphasizing both the commonalities and differences in cultural expressions.Culture Change: The article covers how cultures change over time due to factors such as innovation, diffusion, and cultural lag, describing how new cultural elements emerge and spread, while some cultures resist change or adapt more slowly.


The Wikibooks page on "Introduction to Sociology/Culture" provides a comprehensive overview of culture from a sociological perspective. It starts with a definition of culture and its components, including both material and non-material aspects. The text explains cultural universals and how, despite their universality, cultures exhibit immense diversity in their specific expressions. It also explores the mechanisms of cultural change, including innovation, diffusion, and cultural lag, explaining how these processes contribute to the dynamic nature of culture. The article concludes by addressing the importance of understanding culture in sociological research and its impact on human behavior and social structures.


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